Adiabatic temperature changes result from which of the following conditions in the atmosphere?

Adiabatic temperature changes occur when an air parcel rises or sinks in the atmosphere without exchanging heat with its surroundings. This concept is rooted in the first law of thermodynamics, which states that energy cannot be created or destroyed but can change forms. As an air parcel ascends, the atmospheric pressure decreases, causing the air to expand. This expansion results in a drop in temperature, as the energy used for expansion comes from the internal energy of the air parcel itself. Conversely, when an air parcel descends, it is compressed by the increasing atmospheric pressure, leading to an increase in temperature.

This process is characterized by the idea that temperature change is solely due to pressure changes acting on the air parcel, without any heat being added or removed from the system. The other options involve mechanisms that do not correctly describe the adiabatic process. For instance, heat absorption or moisture exchange implies a transfer of energy either from the surroundings or between different air masses, which is not consistent with the adiabatic concept. Therefore, the specific condition that relates to adiabatic temperature changes is indeed the one that describes changes occurring without an accompanying increase or decrease in heat.